| Is public R&D a complement or substitute for private R&D? A review of the econometric evidence PA David, BH Hall, AA Toole Research policy 29 (4-5), 497-529, 2000 | 2846 | 2000 |
| The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation: evidence from the pharmaceutical industry AA Toole Research Policy, 2011 | 378* | 2011 |
| Patent protection, market uncertainty, and R&D investment D Czarnitzki, AA Toole The Review of Economics and Statistics 93 (1), 147-159, 2011 | 330 | 2011 |
| Biomedical academic entrepreneurship through the SBIR program AA Toole, D Czarnitzki Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 63 (4), 716-738, 2007 | 233 | 2007 |
| Commercializing Science: Is there a university “brain drain” from academic entrepreneurship? AA Toole, D Czarnitzki, KU Leuven, ZEW Mannheim, SOO Statistieken Management Science 56 (9), 1599-1614, 2010 | 197 | 2010 |
| Exploring the relationship between scientist human capital and firm performance: The case of biomedical academic entrepreneurs in the SBIR program AA Toole, D Czarnitzki Management Science 55 (1), 101-114, 2009 | 164 | 2009 |
| Business R&D and the interplay of R&D subsidies and product market uncertainty D Czarnitzki, AA Toole Review of Industrial Organization 31, 169-181, 2007 | 161 | 2007 |
| University spin-offs and the “performance premium” D Czarnitzki, C Rammer, AA Toole Small Business Economics 43, 309-326, 2014 | 137 | 2014 |
| The evolving institutional structure of public and private agricultural research KO Fuglie, AA Toole American journal of agricultural economics 96 (3), 862-883, 2014 | 135 | 2014 |
| Does public scientific research complement private investment in research and development in the pharmaceutical industry? AA Toole J. Law & Econ. 50, 81-781, 2007 | 130 | 2007 |
| Delay and secrecy: Does industry sponsorship jeopardize disclosure of academic research? D Czarnitzki, C Grimpe, AA Toole ZEW, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, 2011 | 125* | 2011 |
| Knowledge creates markets: The influence of entrepreneurial support and patent rights on academic entrepreneurship D Czarnitzki, T Doherr, K Hussinger, P Schliessler, AA Toole European economic review 86, 131-146, 2016 | 113 | 2016 |
| The R&D investment-uncertainty relationship: Do competition and firm size matter? D Czarnitzki, AA Toole Open Access publications from Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2008 | 107* | 2008 |
| Identifying artificial intelligence (AI) invention: A novel AI patent dataset AV Giczy, NA Pairolero, AA Toole The Journal of Technology Transfer 47 (2), 476-505, 2022 | 105 | 2022 |
| The dynamic relationship between investments in brand equity and firm profitability: Evidence using trademark registrations D Crass, D Czarnitzki, AA Toole International Journal of the Economics of Business 26 (1), 157-176, 2019 | 85 | 2019 |
| How does initial public financing influence private incentives for follow-on investment in early-stage technologies? AA Toole, C Turvey The Journal of Technology Transfer 34 (1), 43-58, 2009 | 75 | 2009 |
| Is Public R & D a Complement Or Substitute for Private R & D?: A Review of the Econometric Evidence AA Toole, PA David, BH Hall National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999 | 66 | 1999 |
| Individual versus institutional ownership of university-discovered inventions D Czarnitzki, T Doherr, K Hussinger, P Schliessler, A Toole ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, 2015 | 42 | 2015 |
| Is there a trade-off between academic research and faculty entrepreneurship? Evidence from US NIH supported biomedical researchers D Czarnitzki, AA Toole Economics of Innovation and New Technology 19 (5), 505-520, 2010 | 41 | 2010 |
| University research alliances, absorptive capacity, and the contribution of startups to employment growth AA Toole, D Czarnitzki, C Rammer Strategic Alliances, 58-75, 2018 | 29 | 2018 |
Dirk CzarnitzkiProfessor of Industrial Organization and Strategy, KU LeuvenEmail yang diverifikasi di kuleuven.be